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限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句(Restrictive Relative Clause)是定语从句的一种,它对先行词(antecedent)进行限定或识别,是先行词的必要和重要组成部分。换句话说,如果去掉限制性定语从句,句子的意思会发生改变,因为先行词的身份或特性不再明确。

限制性定语从句通常用关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that)或关系副词(when, where, why)引导,紧跟在先行词之后。例如:

The book that you gave me is fascinating.(你给我的那本书很有趣。)

The person whom you met yesterday is my teacher.(你昨天见到的那个人是我的老师。)

The time when we arrived was very convenient.(我们到达的时间很方便。)

在这些例句中,定语从句提供了关于先行词(book, person, time)的必要信息,如果去掉这些定语从句,句子的意思就会变得不明确或模糊。

与之相对的是非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictive Relative Clause),它对先行词进行补充说明,而非对其进行限定,通常用逗号与主句隔开,且关系代词前可用“which”或“who”,关系副词前可用“when”或“where”。非限制性定语从句不是先行词的必要部分,去掉后主句的意思不会发生根本改变。

相关知识点:

  • 先行词 match,thing,all,有人有物品,不定代词(anything)统一接that
  • 很多介词,或者固定搭配引导的句子,需要整体来看,例如

1

This is the dictionary _____ I depend a lot whenever I have problems with new words.

A. with which B. in which C. on which D. for which

此句测试定语从句的用法.depend on 依靠,取决于

2

The beautiful dress _______ Miss Jones went to the ball was borrowed from a friend of hers.

A.in which B.worn by C.through which D.on which

Miss Jones went to the ball in the beautiful dress. 介词不能省略

3

The knife _______we cut the bread is very sharp.

A.which B.that C.with it D.with which

we cut the breadwith the knife 介词不能省略

4

The Second World War _______ millions of people were killed ended in 1945.

A.on which B.where C.in that D.during which

millions of people were killed during the war 介词不能省略

5

Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _______ people were eaten by the tiger.

A. in which B. by which C. which D. that

people were eaten by the tiger in the scenes 介词不能省略

  • who 引导定语从句修饰 those,并在定语从句中做主语;在修饰代词时,引导词一般不用 that。
  • 关于who和whom,有一道题目

6

The person _____ you were talking to was an American.

A. who B. whom C. which D. as

答案是b,因为 “who” 用于指代人,而 “you were talking to” 可能指的是一个人,也可能指的是一个物体或其他非人类实体。在这种情况下,我们应该使用 “whom” 或者 “that” 来指代人以外的先行词。“whom” 用于指代人,尤其是在需要表示动作的对象时,而 “who” 通常用于指代人,尤其是在需要表示主语时。在这个句子中,“you were talking to” 是一个宾语从句,因此我们应该使用 “whom” 作为关系词。

  • 总结了一个观点,whose用来表示所有关系
  • 当先行词是“the way”时,通常不使用“which”作为关系代词。在这种情况下,更常见的做法是使用“that”或“in which”,或者直接省略关系代词,因为“the way”在定语从句中通常作为状语。
  • what通常引导名词性从句而不是定语从句,名词性从句是是一个独立的成分,可以单独存在为一个完整的句子而定语从句用来修饰名词或代词,这个被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。
  • 例如“(What he said) surprised me.” 在这个句子中,“What he said” 作为主语,是一个名词性从句,因为它回答了句子 “He said _______” 中的空白部分。
  • “The book (that you gave me) is fascinating.” 在这个句子中,“(that you gave me)” 是一个定语从句,修饰先行词 “The book”。“That” 在这个定语从句中充当 “gave” 的宾语。
  • at which 相当于at the place
  • to the degree 在某种程度上
  • a period 在某个时期
  • 考查定语从句连接词的选择。通常先行词是地点名词,且定语从句的引导词在从句中作地点状语时,用 where 引导定语从句,但有时先行词是非地点名词,也须用 where引导定语从句,表示抽象意义的一种状态,此类词包括 point, situation, case 等。 “when” 通常用来引导时间状语从句,而不是地点或状态状语从句。